Most Recent LPI 010-160 Exam Dumps

The PATH environment variable is a colon-separated list of directories that the shell searches for commands. To add a new directory to the PATH, you need to append it to the existing value of the variable, using the syntaxPATH=new/dir:PATH. However, this only changes the PATH for the current shell session. To make the change permanent, you need to use the export command, which makes the variable available to all child processes of the shell. The export command takes the name of the variable as an argument, without the dollar sign ($). Therefore, the correct command to add /new/dir/ to the PATH and export it isexport PATH=/new/dir:PATH.Reference:

Linux Essentials - Linux Professional Institute (LPI)

How to set the path and environment variables in Windows - Computer Hope

Reverse DNS lookups query DNS servers for a PTR (pointer) record; if the server does not have a PTR record, it cannot resolve a reverse lookup. PTR records store IP addresses with their segments reversed, and they append ''.in-addr.arpa'' to that. For example, if a domain has an IP address of 192.0.2.1, the PTR record will store the domain's information under 1.2.0.192.in-addr.arpa.In IPv6, the latest version of the Internet Protocol, PTR records are stored within the ''.ip6.arpa'' domain instead of '.in-addr.arpa.'1Therefore, the name of the IP address 198.51.100.165 is stored in the PTR record for 165.100.51.198.in-addr.arpa.Reference:1: Reverse DNS lookup - Wikipedia1

The zip command is used to create compressed archive files that can contain one or more files or directories. The zip command takes the name of the archive file as the first argument, followed by the names of the files or directories to be included in the archive. You can also use wildcards to match multiple files or directories with a common pattern. For example, the command zip poems.zip *.txt will create the ZIP archive poems.zip containing all files in the current directory whose names end in .txt. The other commands are either invalid or do not perform the desired operation. The command zip *.txt > poems.zip will try to create an archive for each file ending in .txt and redirect the output to poems.zip, which is not a valid archive file. The command zcat *.txt poems.zip will try to decompress and concatenate the contents of the files ending in .txt and poems.zip, which is not a valid ZIP file. The command zip cfz poems.zip *.txt will fail because the options c, f, and z are not valid for the zip command. The command cat *.txt | zip poems.zip will try to read the contents of the files ending in .txt from the standard input and create an archive named poems.zip, but this will not preserve the file names or attributes of the original files.Reference:

Linux Essentials - Linux Professional Institute (LPI), section 3.1.1

3.1 Archiving Files on the Command Line - Linux Professional Institute Certification Programs, slide

A free software license is a notice that grants the recipient of a piece of software extensive rights to modify and redistribute that software. These actions are usually prohibited by copyright law, but the rights-holder (usually the author) of a piece of software can remove these restrictions by accompanying the software with a software license which grants the recipient these rights. Software using such a license is free software (or free and open-source software) as conferred by the copyright holder. Free software licenses grant users the freedom to use it for any purpose, study and change the source code and copy and redistribute the software with or without modifications.Free software must come with source code or provide access to it, while the freedom to redistribute includes the right to give away copies gratis as well as sell copies1Reference:1: Free-software license - Wikipedia

Linux passwords are not stored in plain text, but in a scrambled or encrypted form known as a hash. A hash is a one-way function that transforms a string of characters into a fixed-length value. The same input always produces the same hash, but it is impossible to reverse the process and recover the original input from the hash. This way, the system can verify the user's password without exposing it to anyone who can read the file where the hashes are stored. The file that contains the password hashes is /etc/shadow, which is only readable by the root user or members of the shadow group. The passwd utility is used to change the user's password, which updates the hash in the /etc/shadow file.Reference:Linux Essentials 1.6 Topic 105: Security and File Permissions,How to Change Account Passwords on Linux,Where is my password stored on Linux?